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A trailer or preview is an advertisement for a feature film that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature) begins. Up until the late 1950s, trailers were mostly created by National Screen Service and consisted of various key scenes from the film being advertised, often augmented with large, descriptive text describing the story, and an underscore generally pulled from studio music libraries. As Hollywood began to produce bigger blockbuster films and invest more money in marketing them, directors like Steven Spielberg, Oliver Stone and Barbra Streisand began to depend on Kuehn and Kaleidoscope for their ability to create the best trailers theater-goers could see. Top trailer companies have all been run by former Kaleidoscope creatives, like The Cimarron Group (Chris Arnold), Ant Farm, Aspect Ratio (Mark Trugman), Trailer Park (Benedict Coulter) and Motor Entertainment, run by Greg McClatchy, who previously headed up the film marketing division at 20th Century Fox. Michael Camp headed the trailer department at Paramount Pictures, Tom Kennedy at MGM, Jeff Werner and Vince Arcaro all started their own successful trailer companies and Bob Harper began his career as a messenger at Kaleidoscope before becoming a producer and quickly Vice-Chairman of Fox Filmed Entertainment and, in 2007, Chairman of Regency Entertainment. Today, longer, more elaborate trailers and commercial advertisements have replaced other forms of pre-feature entertainment and in major multiplex chains, about the first twenty minutes after the posted showtime is devoted to trailers. Since the purpose of the trailer is to attract an audience to the film, these excerpts are usually drawn from the most exciting, funny, or otherwise noteworthy parts of the film but in abbreviated form and usually without producing spoilers. The most notable film to use this technique was Terminator 2: Judgment Day, whose trailer featured elaborate special effects scenes that were never intended to be in the film itself. As the trailer, in fact, was made after completion of the film when Janet Leigh was no longer available for filming, Hitchcock had Miles don a blonde wig for the fleeting sequence. Thus, the trailer may contain footage that is not in the final movie, or the trailer editor and the movie editor may use different takes of a particular shot. This is nearly always a requirement, as trailers and teasers are created long before the composer has even been hired for the film scoresometimes as much as a year ahead of the movie's release datewhile composers are usually the last creative people to work on the film. Some trailers that incorporate material not in the movie are particularly coveted by collectors, especially trailers for classic films. Trailers are typically made up of scenes from the film they are promoting, but sometimes contain deleted scenes from the film. Usually the music used in the trailer is not from the film itself (the film score may not have been composed yet). Trailers preceding feature films are generally presented in the same video resolution as the feature, being in general terms 35mm film or a digital format. Awards Every year there are two main events that give awards to outstanding movie trailers: The Key Art Awards, presented by the Hollywood Reporter, and The Golden Trailer Awards. While the Golden Trailer Awards allow only trailers to be entered in the competition, the Key Art Awards pick winners in all creative parts of movie advertising, from trailers and TV spots to posters and print ads. One of the most famous Hollywood trailer music composers, credited with creating the musical voice of contemporary trailers, is John Beal, who began scoring trailers in the 1970s and, in the course of a thirty-year career, created original music for over 2,000 movie trailer projects, including 40 of the top-grossing films of all time, such as Star Wars, Forrest Gump, Titanic, Aladdin, Braveheart, Ghost, The Last Samurai and The Matrix.
A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a story conveyed with moving images. The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. More recent analysis spurred by Jacques Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Fields of academic study have been created that are derivative or dependent on the existence of film, such as film criticism, film history, divisions of film propaganda in authoritarian governments, or psychological on subliminal effects of a flashing soda can during a screening. "Film" refers to the media onto which a visual art is shot, and to this end it may seem improper for a digital originating work to be referred to as a "film" and the action of shooting as "filming," and yet these terms are still used. The following icons mean film - a "candle and bell", as in the films Tarkovsky, of a segment of film stock, or a two faced Janus image, and an image of a movie camera in profile. A "feature length film", or "feature film", is of a conventional full length, usually 60 minutes or more, and can commercially stand by itself without other films in a ticketed screening. A "short" is a film that is not as long as a feature length film, usually screened with other shorts, or preceding a feature length film. Expressions for Genres of film are sometimes used interchangeably for "film" in a specific context, such as a "porn" for a film with explicit sexual content, or "cheese" for films that are light, entertaining and not highbrow. A film which portrays events that occur earlier than those in another film, but is released after that film, is sometimes called a "Prequel", an example being Butch and Sundance: The Early Days. Another example is audience participation films, as at a midnight movies screening of The Rocky Horror Picture Show, where the audience dresses up in costume from the film and loudly does a karaoke-like reenactment along with the film. Performance art where film is incorporated as a component is usually not called film, but a film, which could stand-alone but is accompanied by a performance may still be referred to as a film. The act of making a film can, in and of itself, be considered a work of art, on a different level from the film itself, as in the films of Werner Herzog. Film may be propaganda, in whole or in part, such as the films made by Leni Riefenstahl in Nazi Germany, US war film trailers during World War II, or artistic films made under Stalin by Eisenstein. Crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. The cinema now faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new High Definition format, Blu-ray, which can provide full HD 1080p video playback at near cinema qualityVideo formats are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 19201080 a leap from the DVD offering of 720480 and the paltry 330480 offered by the first home video standard VHSThe maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 24852970 or 14203390, UHD, a future digital video format, will offer a massive resolution of 76804320, surpassing all current film resolutions. (December 2009)
"The first clear description of the device appears in the Book of Optics of Alhazen." ISBN0394490789.
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Thor (Old Norse: rr, unarr; Most surviving stories relating to Germanic mythology either mention Thor or focus on Thor's exploits. He tricked Thor by racing Thought itself against Thor's fast servant, jlfi (nothing being faster than thought). The next morning Thor and his companions left humiliated, but tgara-Loki went out with them and once they were away from the castle, revealed the trickery he had used - starting when he had appeared to them in disguise calling himself Skrymir and had tied the bag with wire and placed a hill between himself and Thor. Thor went to Loki, hoping to find the culprit responsible for the theft, then Loki and Thor went to Freyja for counsel. The 8th or 9th century vow, intended for Christianizing pagans, is recorded as:
Gesta Danorum In the 12th century, Saxo Grammaticus, in the service of Archbishop Absalon in Denmark, presented in his Latin language work Gesta Danorum euhemerized accounts of Thor and Odin as cunning sorcerers that, Saxo states, had fooled the people of Norway, Sweden and Denmark into their recognition as gods: There were of old certain men versed in sorcery, Thor, namely, and Odin, and many others, who were cunning in contriving marvellous sleights; Toponyms As a very popular god amongst the Germanic tribes, many locations have been named after Thor: Denmark
Thor gave his name to the Old English day unresdg, meaning the day of unor, known in Modern English as Thursday. Personal names The name "Thor", deriving from the deity, is the first element in many names:
Parallels Many writers (Saxo, Adam of Bremen, Snorre Sturlason, lfric of Eynsham) identified Thor with Jupiter.
Parents (Odin Fjrgyn) Consorts (Sif Jrnsaxa) Children (Mi and Magni rr Ullr) Servants (jlfi and Rskva)
Arsenal (Mjllnir Jrngreipr Megingjr) Dwellings (Bilskirnir rheimr rvangr) Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjstr Lightning Thunder
Baldr Bragi Forseti Dellingr Freyr Heimdallr Hermr Hr Hnir Lurr Loki Meili Mmir Mi and Magni Njrr Odin r Thor Tr Ullr Vli Varr Vili and V
Bil Eir Freyja Frigg Fulla Gerr Gefjon Gn Hln Ilmr Iunn Irpa Jr Lofn Nanna Njrun Rn Rindr Sga Sif Sigyn Sjfn Skai Snotra Sl Syn orgerr Hlgabrr rr Vr Vr
Ask and Embla Ds (Norns Valkyries) Dwarves Einherjar Elves (Light elves Dark elves) Fenrir Hel Jrmungandr Giants Sigurd Trolls Vlundr Demons
Asgard Bifrst Flkvangr Ginnungagap Hel Jtunheimr Midgard Mspellsheimr Niflheim Valhalla Vgrr Wells (Mmisbrunnr Hvergelmir Urarbrunnr) Yggdrasil
Gesta Danorum Poetic Edda Prose Edda Runestones Sagas Tyrfing Cycle Vlsung Cycle Old Norse language Orthography Later influence
Blt Flag Germanic calendar Heiti Hrgr Kenning Mead hall N Norse pagan worship Numbers Runic calendar Seir Skald Viking Age Vlva
Beowa ostre Frige Hengist and Horsa Hretha Ing Saxnot unor Tiw Wlcyrige Wade Wayland the Smith Wden
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Anglo-Saxon calendar Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem Beowulf De temporum ratione Deor Ealuscerwen Finnesburg Fragment Franks Casket Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum Nine Herbs Charm Old English language Spong Hill Wi frstice cerbot
Anglo-Saxon law Anglo-Saxon runes Calendar Bltan Folkmoot Frith Hearg Maypole Moot hill Scop Symbel Thegn Thing Thyle Weregild Wicce Wilweorthunga Wyrd Yule