Bone Black

Information

The following information was summarised from various sources for your convenience.

Bone char, also known as bone black, ivory black, animal charcoal, or abaiser, is a granular material produced by charring animal bones. The bones are heated to high temperatures in the range of 400 to 500C in an oxygen-depleted atmosphere to control the quality of the product as related to its adsorption capacity for applications such as defluoridation of water and removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The quality of the bone char can be easily determined by its color. White bone chars are overcharred bones that present low fluoride removal capacity. Grey-brownish bone char are the best quality chars for absorption applications. The quality of the bone chars is usually controlled by the amount of oxygen present in the charring atmosphere. Bone chars usually have lower surface areas than activated carbons, but present high adsorptive capacities for copper, zinc, and cadmium. Today it is considered a synonym for bone char.

The production of bone char was featured on the Discovery Channel's TV series Dirty Jobs, on episode 19 of season 5, "Bone Black", originally broadcast on 9 February 2010.

Black is the color of objects that do not emit or reflect light in any part of the visible spectrum; Although black is sometimes described as an "achromatic", or hueless, color, in practice it can be considered a color, as in expressions like "black cat" or "black paint". (This makes a contrast with whiteness, the impression of any combination of colors of light that equally stimulates all three types of color-sensitive visual receptors.) Pigments that absorb light rather than reflect it back to the eye "look black". Black is the lack of all colors of light, or an exhaustive combination of multiple colors of pigment. See also Primary colors

In physics, a black body is a perfect absorber of light, but, by a thermodinamic rule, it is also the best emitter. Thus, the best radiative cooling, out of sunlight, is by using black paint, though it is important that it be black (a nearly perfect absorber) in the infrared as well. In elementary science, far Ultraviolet light is called "black light" because, unseen, it causes many minerals and other substances to fluoresce. Absorption of light

A material is said to be black if most incoming light is absorbed equally in the material.

Pigments Black pigments include carbon black, charcoal black, ebony, ivory black and onyx. conversely, elegance, anarchy, Rebellion, Non-Conformity, Individuality

Black was the color of the Arab dynasty of Abbasid caliphs, which is the reason black is frequently used in flags of Arab countries.

"All Black" is a song by Good Charlotte that depicts the love for the color black.

The national rugby union team of New Zealand is called the All Blacks, in reference to their black outfits, and the color is also shared by other New Zealand national teams such as the Black Caps (cricket) and the Kiwis (rugby league).

In baseball, "the black" refers to the batter's eye, a blacked out area around the center-field bleachers, painted black to give hitters a decent background for pitched balls.

Being "in the red" is to be in debtin traditional bookkeeping, negative amounts, such as costs, were printed in red ink, and positive amounts, like revenues, were printed in black ink, so that if the "bottom line" is printed in black, the firm is profiting.

The colloquialism "X is the new black" is a reference to the latest trend or fad that is considered a wardrobe basic for the duration of the trend, on the basis that black is always fashionable.

The Black Death, also known as the Black Plague, was a pandemic in Europe that killed tens of millions of people.

E.g., the Wall Street Crash 1929, the stock market crash on October 29, 1929, which is the start of the Great Depression, is nicknamed Black Tuesday, and was preceded by Black Thursday, a downturn on October 24 the previous week. (Exception: See Black Friday (shopping).)

A black mood is a bad one (cf Winston Churchill's clinical depression, which he called "my black dog").

nasal maxilla lacrimal zygomatic palatine inferior nasal conchae vomer mandible THROAT: hyoid (greater cornu, lesser cornu, body)

SHOULDER GIRDLE:clavicle scapula ARM: humerus ulna radius- HAND:carpals (scaphoid lunate bone triquetral pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate) metacarpals phalanges (prox, int, dist)

PELVIS:pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis) LEG: femur patella fibula tibia FOOT: tarsals (calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform, cuboid ) metatarsals phalanges (prox, int, dist)

Bones of head and neck: the facial skeleton of the skull (TA A02.1.08-15, GA 2.156-177)

Anterior: fossae (Incisive fossa, Canine fossa) Infraorbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Infratemporal: Alveolar canals Maxillary tuberosity Orbital: Infraorbital groove Infraorbital canal Nasal: Pterygopalatine canal

Zygomatic process Frontal process (Agger nasi, Anterior lacrimal crest) Alveolar process Palatine process (Incisive foramen, Incisive canals, Foramina of Scarpa, Incisive bone, Anterior nasal spine)

Orbital process (Zygomatico-orbital) Temporal process (Zygomaticotemporal) Lateral process (Zygomaticofacial)

Horizontal plate (Posterior nasal spine) Perpendicular plate (Pterygopalatine canal, Sphenopalatine foramen, Pyramidal process)

external surface (Symphysis menti, Lingual foramen, Mental protuberance, Mental foramen, Mandibular incisive canal) internal surface (Mental spine, Mylohyoid line, Sublingual fovea, Submandibular fovea) Alveolar part of mandible

Mylohyoid groove (Mandibular canal, Lingula) Mandibular foramen Angle Coronoid process Mandibular notch Condyloid process Pterygoid fovea

Nasal bone: Internasal suture Nasal foramina Inferior nasal concha: Ethmoidal process Maxillary process Vomer: Wing Lacrimal: Posterior lacrimal crest Lacrimal groove Lacrimal hamulus

Bones of head and neck: the neurocranium of the skull (TA A02.1.01-07, GA 2.129-155)

external (Inion/External occipital protuberance, Nuchal lines) planes (Occipital, Nuchal) internal (Cruciform eminence, Internal occipital protuberance, Sagittal sulcus, Internal occipital crest)

Condyle (Condyloid fossa, Condylar canal) Hypoglossal canal jugular (Jugular process, Jugular tubercle)

Frontal suture Frontal eminence external (Superciliary arches, Glabella) foramina (Supraorbital, Cecum) Zygomatic process internal (Sagittal sulcus, Frontal crest)

Articular tubercle Suprameatal triangle Mandibular fossa Petrotympanic fissure Zygomatic process

Mastoid foramen Mastoid process (Mastoid cells) Mastoid notch Occipital groove Sigmoid sulcus Mastoid antrum (Aditus)

Carotid canal Facial canal (Hiatus) Internal auditory meatus Cochlear aqueduct Stylomastoid foramen fossae (Subarcuate fossa, Jugular fossa) canaliculi (Inferior tympanic, Mastoid) Styloid process Petrosquamous suture (note: ossicles in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone)

Superior surface: Sella turcica (Dorsum sellae, Tuberculum sellae, Hypophysial fossa, Posterior clinoid processes) Ethmoidal spine Chiasmatic groove Middle clinoid process Petrosal process Clivus Lateral surface: Carotid groove Sphenoidal lingula Anterior surface: Sphenoidal sinuses

foramina (Rotundum, Ovale, Vesalii, Spinosum) Spine Infratemporal crest Sulcus for auditory tube

fossae (Pterygoid, Scaphoid) pterygoid plates (Lateral, Medial) Pterygoid canal Hamulus

Lateral surface Orbital lamina Uncinate process Medial surface Superior nasal concha Superior meatus Middle nasal concha Middle meatus

Bones of head and neck: compound structures of skull (TA A02.1.00.002-052, GA 2.178-199)

Calvaria (Diplo) Asterion Pterion Stephanion Bregma Lambda Fossae: anterior cranial fossa middle cranial fossa posterior cranial fossa cranial cavity Base of skull Fontanelles: anterior posterior sphenoidal mastoid

dacryon zygomatic arch temporal fossa infratemporal fossa pterygomaxillary fissure pterygopalatine fossa Orbit: Foramina (inferior orbital fissure)

fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous) suprascapular notch glenoid cavity tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid) spine of scapula acromion coracoid process borders (superior, lateral/axillary, medial/vertebral) angles (superior, inferior, lateral)

upper extremity: necks (anatomical, surgical) tubercles (greater, lesser) intertubercular sulcus body: radial sulcus deltoid tuberosity lower extremity: capitulum trochlea epicondyles (lateral, medial) supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial) fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon)

radius: upper extremity (head, tuberosity) body lower extremity (ulnar notch, styloid process) ulna: upper extremity (tuberosity, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch) body lower extremity (head, styloid process)

carpus: scaphoid lunate triquetral pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate (hamulus) metacarpus: 1st metacarpal 2nd 3rd 4th 5th phalanges of the hand: proximal intermediate distal

body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular/zygapophysis, spinous), spinal canal

C1 (anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass), C2 (dens), C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, foramen transversarium

T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12 costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse)

pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina), dorsal surface (posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest, medial sacral crest, lateral sacral crest), lateral surface (sacral tuberosity), base, sacral hiatus presacral space sacral promontory sacral canal ala of sacrum sacrovertebral angle

specific ribs (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, true 17, false 812, floating 1112) parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head)

Suprasternal notch, Manubrium, Sternal angle, Body of sternum, Xiphisternal joint, Xiphoid process

Superior thoracic aperture Inferior thoracic aperture Intercostal space Costal margin Infrasternal angle

head (fovea) neck greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest quadrate tubercle

adductor tubercle patellar surface epicondyles (lateral, medial) condyles (lateral, medial) intercondylar fossa

Gerdy's tubercle condyles (lateral, medial) intercondylar eminence (lateral/medial intercondylar tubercle) posterior/anterior intercondylar area

calcaneus (sustentaculum tali, trochlear process) talus (body, neck, head) navicular cuboid cuneiform (medial, intermediate, lateral)

gluteal lines (posterior, anterior, inferior) iliac spines (anterior superior, anterior inferior, posterior superior, posterior inferior) other: crest tuberosity tubercle fossa

acetabulum (acetabular notch) iliopubic eminence/ iliopectineal line linea terminalis ischiopubic ramus/ pubic arch obturator foramen greater sciatic foramen/ greater sciatic notch lesser sciatic foramen lesser pelvis (pelvic inlet, pelvic brim, pelvic outlet) greater pelvis

Bone (Carpus Collar bone(clavicle) Thigh bone(femur) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull(cranium) Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum) Cartilage

Mouth (Salivary gland, Tongue) upper GI (Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx, Esophagus, Stomach) lower GI (Small intestine, Appendix, Colon, Rectum, Anus) accessory (Liver, Biliary tract, Pancreas)

Female (Uterus, Vulva, Ovary, Placenta) Male (Scrotum, Penis, Prostate, Testicle, Seminal vesicle)

general anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs

Musculoskeletal system connective tissue: bone and cartilage (TA A02.0 GA 2.86-95)

perichondrium fibrocartilage callus metaphysis cells (chondroblast chondrocyte) types (hyaline elastic fibrous)

subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal plate/metaphysis diaphysis Condyle Epicondyle

osteon / Haversian system Haversian canals Volkmann's canals connective tissue (endosteum periosteum) Sharpey's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow